ABSTRACT
Resumo Neste artigo procura-se conhecer a percepção dos secretários estaduais de saúde, de seus docentes e dirigentes sobre as contribuições das escolas estaduais de saúde pública para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Sendo uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, foram entrevistados os secretários estaduais de saúde, além dos dirigentes e docentes dessas escolas. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi analisado à luz do referencial de Bardin. Foram ressaltadas as contribuições das escolas para o SUS, demonstrando o papel estratégico que elas desempenham, destacando-se a provisão de profissionais formados nessas escolas e que ocupam cargos de gestão do SUS; o apoio técnico ofertado aos municípios e o reconhecimento dos trabalhadores pelo trabalho desenvolvido por essas escolas. No entanto, é necessário observar que essas instituições enfrentam dificuldades, em especial a insuficiência de recursos financeiros e humanos. As escolas são estratégicas para o SUS, sendo instrumentos fundamentais para manter a política de educação permanente em saúde e para qualificar a força de trabalho em saúde. As dificuldades relatadas indicam a necessidade de priorizar de fato as políticas de educação permanente e de qualificação profissional voltadas para o trabalhador da saúde.
Abstract This article seeks to know the perception of state health secretaries, their professors, and their directors on the contributions of state schools of Public Health to the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Being a qualitative research, the state health secretaries were interviewed, as well as the directors and professors of these schools. The content of the interviews was analyzed in the light of Bardin's framework. The contributions of the schools to SUS were highlighted, showing the strategic role they play, emphasizing the provision of professionals trained in these schools and who occupy management positions in the SUS; the technical support offered to municipalities; and the recognition of workers for the work developed by these schools. However, one must note that these institutions face difficulties, especially insufficient financial and human resources. Schools are strategic for SUS, being fundamental instruments to maintain the policy of permanent health education and to qualify the health workforce. The difficulties reported indicate the need to prioritize policies of permanent education and professional qualification aimed at health workers.
ABSTRACT
The state of Punjab is facing a major threat of ecological, agrarian as well as emerging health crisis. Continuously depleting water tables due to unregulated use of irrigation water and increased cultivation of water-thirsty, varieties of rice are posing major threat to water availability in the state. Indiscriminate use of chemicals in farming leading to soil infertility, polluted surface waters and air pollution are contributing to ecological catastrophe and eventually leading to many health problems in the population. Hence there is need to focus on environmentally friendly, economically viable and health benefitting solutions. Millets as climate change compliant crops score highly over other grains in terms of marginal growing conditions and high nutritional value are proposed as a solution for emerging challenges in Punjab.
ABSTRACT
Este relato tem como objetivo destacar a experiência da Escola de Saúde Pública da Bahia (ESPBA) diante das demandas de acompanhamento, monitoramento e formulação de estratégias político-pedagógicas de formação de profissionais no âmbito do Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB), nos primeiros anos do programa no SUS-BA. São apresentadas as ações realizadas pela escola, que, a partir da instituição da comissão estadual do programa, passa a atuar em cooperação com os entes federativos, instituições de ensino e organismos internacionais. Como principais resultados desse processo, destacam-se: credenciamento dos supervisores, monitoramento e acompanhamento das atividades realizadas pelos médicos participantes, supervisores e tutores acadêmicos; oferta dos módulos de acolhimento; realização do curso para formação dos tutores; contribuição para a realização e programação das oficinas locorregionais; construção de um espaço virtual para acompanhamento pedagógico; acompanhamento da avaliação aos médicos intercambistas e realização do apoio técnico-pedagógico às atividades presenciais do curso de especialização a distância. Ressalta-se, assim, o papel importante de uma escola do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no seu perfil de ensino, investigação, capacidade de articulação inter e intrainstitucional, bem como de estrutura capaz de sustentar o projeto político-cultural da reforma sanitária. Para isso, foi fundamental a experimentação do cotidiano de trabalho enquanto princípio educativo.
This paper reports on the experience of the Bahia School of Public Health (ESPBA) regarding the demands for monitoring, follow-up and formulation of political-pedagogical strategies for professional training within the More Doctors for Brazil Program (PMM), in its first years in the Unified Health System (SUS). It presents the actions taken by the school, which, after establishing a state commission for the program, began to work in cooperation with federal entities, educational institutions and international organizations. The main results of this process are: accreditation of supervisors; monitoring and follow-up of activities carried out by participating physicians, supervisors, and academic tutors; offer of user embracement modules; courses for tutor training; contribution to the implementation and programming of local and regional workshops; construction of a virtual space for pedagogical monitoring; monitoring the evaluation of exchange doctors; and provision of technical-pedagogical support to the on-site activities of the distance learning specialization course. These findings highlight the important role played by the SUS School in terms of its teaching profile, research, inter and intra-institutional articulation capacity, as well as its structure capable of sustaining the political-cultural project of the health reform. For which the experimentation of daily work as an educational principle was essential.
Este informe tiene como objetivo presentar la vivencia de la Escola de Saúde Pública da Bahia (ESPBA) frente a las demandas de seguimiento, monitoreo y formulación de estrategias político-pedagógicas para la formación de profesionales en el ámbito del Programa Más Médicos para Brasil (PMMB), en los primeros años del programa en el SUS-BA. Se presentarán las acciones realizadas por la escuela que, a partir de la creación de la comisión estadual del programa, pasa a trabajar en cooperación con las entidades federativas, instituciones educativas y organismos internacionales. Como principales resultados de este proceso se destacan: la acreditación de supervisores, el monitoreo y seguimiento de las actividades realizadas por los médicos participantes, supervisores y tutores académicos; la oferta de módulos de acogida; la realización del curso para la formación de tutores; la contribución en la realización y programación de talleres locales y regionales; la construcción de un espacio virtual de seguimiento pedagógico; el seguimiento a la evaluación de los médicos en intercambio y la realización del apoyo técnico-pedagógico a las actividades presenciales del curso de especialización a distancia. Así, se destaca el importante rol que desempeña una institución del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en su plan de enseñanza, investigación, articulación inter- e intrainstitucional, así como una estructura capaz de sustentar el proyecto político-cultural de reforma sanitaria. Para ello, fue fundamental la experimentación del trabajo cotidiano como principio educativo.
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Schools , Education, Distance , Health Consortia , Professional TrainingABSTRACT
Objective:To introduce the scientific research management strategies and measurements of T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, and explore possible reflections for the research management of Chinese medical universities.Methods:Identify the administrative measurements of scientific research management of Harvard School of Public Health by typical case analysis.Results:Harvard School of Public Health used strategic management tools to draw long-term vision for the development of public health, formulate strategic objectives and implementation paths, different functional departments of scientific research management conducted concerted work to provide high-quality scientific research management services which aimed to serve the institutional strategic development.Conclusions:In order to improve the scientific research management in medical universities in China, it is important to develop appropriate strategy of scientific research development, cooperation among related departments, as well as professional support and training for scientific research management personnel.
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Este trabajo explora el contexto histórico en el cual se origina la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Chile (ESP). Se estudia un periodo de tiempo comprendido entre fines del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. En primer lugar, se analizan las posiciones de cuatro actores claves (la élite, los médicos y profesionales de la salud, las capas populares, y el Estado) y sus conflictos. En segundo lugar, se estudia el cambio de paradigma en el rol del Estado frente a los problemas de salud, desde una posición de Estado subsidiario y gendarme a una de Estado asistencial de compromiso. La ESP surge como producto de estos procesos históricos, para cubrir la necesidad de formar especialistas en el campo de la salud pública, obteniendo un apoyo externo de la Fundación Rockefeller que se resulta fundamental en su inicio. Desde sus inicios tiene un fuerte involucramiento en la vida pública del país, asumiendo la salud de la población como un derecho social.
The historical context in which the School of Public Health of the University of Chile was born is explored in this work. The period studied goes from the end of the 19th century to middle of the 20th Century. In the first place, the position of the four key actors - the elite, doctors and health professionals, popular layers, and the State - and their conflicts are analyzed. In the second place, the change of paradigm in the role of the State regarding health problems, from a position of Subsidiary Gendarme State to a new position of Welfare Committed State is studied. The School of Public Health was born as a result of these historical processes, to cover the need to train specialists in the field of public health, getting external support from the Rockefeller Foundation which was essential in its beginnings. Since its origin it has been greatly involved in the country´s public life, understanding people´s health as a social right.
Este trabalho analisa o contexto histórico no qual teve origem a Escola de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Chile (ESP). Estuda-se um período de tempo que varia entre finais do século XIX e meados do século XX. Em primeiro lugar, são analisadas as posições dos quatro jogadores-chave (a elite, os médicos e profissionais de saúde, os setores populares, e o Estado) e seus conflitos. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a mudança de paradigma no papel do Estado a partir dos problemas de saúde, a partir de uma conceição de Estado subsidiário e gendarme para uma de Estado assistencial de compromisso A ESP surge como resultado desses processos históricos, para atender a necessidade de formação de especialistas no domínio da saúde pública, obtendo um apoio externo da Fundação Rockefeller, que é essencial no início. Desde a sua criação tem uma forte participação na vida pública do país, assumindo a saúde da população como um direito social.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chile , Right to Health , Schools, Public Health/statistics & numerical data , Schools, Public Health/history , Schools, Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Schools, Public Health/organization & administration , Schools, Public Health/trendsABSTRACT
Este artículo discute los esfuerzos por modernizar la Escuela de Salud Pública de México (ESPM). En la primera parte se abordan las condiciones en las que operaba la Escuela a principios de la década de los ochenta. En la segunda parte se describen los cambios introducidos entre 1983 y 1986, hasta antes de la incorporación de la ESPM al Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP). En la tercera parte se revisa, sobre todo, la renovación conceptual que dio sustento a los nuevos programas docentes que se implantaron a finales de los años ochenta y las iniciativas implantadas entre 1987 y 1995. En la cuarta parte se discute la construcción de la nueva sede del INSP y la mudanza a Cuernavaca. Este ensayo busca comunicar la importancia de las transformaciones por las que atravesó la ESPM y que la convirtieron en una institución verdaderamente académica que utiliza la investigación como motor de la formación de los recursos humanos en salud pública.
In this paper we discuss the recent efforts to modernize the School of Public Health of Mexico (ESPM). In the first part we analyze the conditions in which the ESPM operated at the beginning of the 1980s. In part two we describe the changes introduced in the ESPM between 1983 and 1986, up until its incorporation into the National Institute of Public Health (INSP). In part three we discuss the conceptual renovation which built the platform for the new academic programs introduced by the School between 1987 and 1995. In the fourth part we discuss the construction of the new facilities of INSP and the process of moving to the city of Cuernavaca. The main message of this paper is that the transformations witnessed by the ESPM in the final decades of the past century turned it into a true academic institution which uses research as the motor for training of human resources in public health.
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Humans , Public Health/education , Schools, Public Health/organization & administration , Mexico , Schools, Public Health/trends , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Se realiza un recorrido histórico por la vida y la obra del Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez a diez años de su desaparición física donde se ponen de manifiesto sus aportes a la consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba y a la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública. Se resalta la importancia de mantener la vigencia y la memoria histórica de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, que no surgió de la nada, sino que tiene sus orígenes en la propia historia de Cuba, su ética, su cultura, su idiosincrasia, y la capacidad peculiar del pueblo para generar hombres y mujeres que expresen en la obra de la vida los principios que sustentan los componentes teóricos y prácticos de la salud pública, su aplicación y sus resultados en el estado de salud de la población en el país con características propias, con iguales criterios y con un método determinado y peculiar de enseñar y abordar su praxis social
It takes a historical journey through the life and work of Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez to ten years of his death which highlight their contributions to strengthening the National Health System of Cuba and the Cuban School of Public Health. The importance of maintaining the currency and the historical memory of the Cuban School of Public Health, who came from nothing, but has its origins in the history of Cuba, their ethics, their culture, their idiosyncrasies, and unique capacity of the people to generate men and women express the life work of the principles underlying theoretical and practical components of public health, its implementation and its results in the health status of the population in the country with its own characteristics , with the same criteria and with a particular and peculiar method of teaching and addressing their social praxis
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Cuba , Health Systems , Public Health/educationABSTRACT
Se realiza un recorrido histórico que abarca el desarrollo de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, pasando por la etapa de la Escuela de Higienistas Cubanos con el Dr. Carlos J. Finlay al frente, hasta llegar al momento actual. Se destaca la negativa repercusión de la extinción de la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública dentro de los estudios de posgrado en Cuba desde hace más de 20 años. Se hace hincapié en que hoy más que nunca en el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba resulta imposible ignorar la necesidad de la existencia de la especialidad, surgida en la práctica y desarrollada desde hace más de 200 años, que si bien se ha llamado de diversos modos en el mundo, ha sido y es el diario quehacer de un sin número de profesionales que intentan dirigir sobre bases científicas las tareas propias de los sistemas de salud. Disponer de profesionales de la salud pública competentes es una prioridad absoluta para el buen desempeño y perfeccionamiento constante del Sistema Nacional de Salud y que en la consecución de este noble propósito, la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública, una vez que surja de nuevo con este nombre o con otro, se consolide en el tiempo y cumpla su encargo social coherentemente, podrá ser de suma utilidad
A historical review covering the development of the Cuban School of Public Health, the stage of the Cuban School of Hygienists led by Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, and the present time was made. Emphasis was made on the negative impact of the elimination of the public health organization and management specialty from the graduate studies in Cuba for more than 20 years. It is stressed that today more than ever, it is not longer possible to ignore the need for this over 200 years-old specialty to be rescued; even though it has been called differently worldwide, it has been and it is the daily work of a number of professionals who attempt to lead the tasks inherent to the health systems on a scientific basis. The availability of competent professionals in public health is a priority for good performance and constant improvement of the national health systems, and to accomplish this, the public health organization and management specialty could be very useful, once it re-emerges under the same or a new name, becomes stronger and coherently fulfils its social task
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Cuba , Schools, Public Health/history , Schools, Public Health/organization & administrationABSTRACT
1)I had the opportunity to learn about public health in the Master of Public Health degree program at the Harvard School of Public Health.<br>2)It would be a good experience for future educators and instructors to learn about different educational systems, such as the Harvard School of Public Health, where a student's opportunity is limited only by his or her motivation to learn.<br>3)The Master of Public Health program in the United States is a good option for career enrichment because it provides a strong background in subjects critical to successful medical research, including biostatistics and epidemiology.
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A ação da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo na luta contra o tabagismo teve início em 1975, quando a instituição participou da III Conferência Mundial de Fumo e Saúde, realizada em New York (EUA). Depois de três décadas de trabalho ininterrupto, ela recebeu, em 2008, da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, o selo prata de certificação de ambiente livre do tabaco. Nesse espaço de tempo, ao lado de um trabalho educativo, realizado corpo a corpo com docentes, funcionários e alunos, foram realizadas pesquisas, treinamentos e desenvolvido toda uma programação orientada pelo Ministério da Saúde / Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Foram também produzidas inúmeras monografias de mestrado, teses de doutorado e de livre docência, tendo como tema o tabagismo do ponto de vista educativo, social, médico e sanitário. Este artigo pretendeu fazer o relato dessa trajetória.
The actions of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo toward the fight against tobacco use started in 1975, when some faculty members attended the Third World Conference on Smoking and Health in New York, USA. After three decades of a steady work, in 2008, the School received the silver seal from the Health Department of the State of São Paulo because the School of Public Health was a tobacco-free Institution. During this period of 30 years, a constant educational work was developed with teachers, personnel and students. Research studies, training courses and many activities were carried out according to the program presented by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Cancer. Many Master's theses and Doctorate dissertations were developed by the graduate students, focusing on tobacco use from the educational, social, medical and public health points of view. This article aims to describe this trajectory.
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Tobacco Use Disorder , Smoking , Public Health , Public Health Systems Research , Health PromotionABSTRACT
Schools of public health are graduate level higher educational institutions training students who will be engaging in educational, research and service activities in the field of public health after completing the educational programs. To meet this institutional goal, the schools of public health should provide diverse academic and professional courses and programs to the students based on their educational objectives. Educational objectives of schools of public health, of course, should well reflect the working definition of public health : public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts. There are 13 schools of public health in Korea an of 1999 including occupational and environmental schools. However, most of them were opened in 1980s and 90s, and therefore, do not have properly described educational and learning objectives. This paper proposes that Korean schools of public health should review their institutional goals and have clearly stated educational objectives. This also proposes development of standardized learning objectives of core subjects such as epidemiology, statistics, environmental health, health education and public health administration. Important units of these core subjects are also provided.
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Humans , Environmental Health , Epidemiology , Health Education , Korea , Learning , Public Health Administration , Public HealthABSTRACT
After comparing the sanitary reform movement in England, France, and Germany, the paper discusses how bacteriological discovery in the 1880s was a turning point in dividing the interests of the 'old' public health advocates pursuing social reforms from the 'new' public health advocates pursuing scientific reforms. In the 1910s, the United States witnessed the dawning of a new era in public health and the rising concern for a national health program. The American pioneers of public health became to recognize the need for new kinds of public health professionals. In this period, the Rockefeller Foundation initiated the designing of a new model for a school of public health in the United States. Most leaders of public health arguably participated in drawing up the model for the school of public health. While William H Welch was inclined towards an 'Institute of Hygiene' similar to that of Max von Pettenkoffer in Munich, Wickeliffe Rose insisted that the 'School of Public Health' be established by all the state governments. The 'Welch-Rose Report,' with a basic framework consisting of Welch's ideas, provided a theoretical basis for the classic model of the school of public health. Abraham Flexner, who firmly believed in a biomedical model of public health, decidedly contributed to the Johns Hopkins, disregarding strong rivals such as Harvard and Columbia. The 'Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health' was to become a medicalized version of public health. Finally, the paper raises an intriguing question: Should the schools of public health in Korea follow the Welch model or the Rose model? Is there another option?